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  • Capitalising on Constraint : Bailout Politics in Eurozone Countries
    Capitalising on Constraint : Bailout Politics in Eurozone Countries

    This book is an essential analysis of what really happens behind closed doors during and after a bailout. In the last decade, five Eurozone governments in economic difficulty received assistance from international lenders on the condition that certain policies specified in the Memoranda of Understanding were implemented.How did negotiations take place in this context? What room for manoeuvre did the governments of these countries have?After conditionality, to what extent were governments willing and able to roll back changes imposed on them by the international lenders?This book explores the constraints on national executives in the five bailed out countries of the Eurozone during and beyond the crisis, from 2008 to 2019.The authors argue that despite international market pressure and creditors’ conditionality, governments had some room for manoeuvre during a bailout and were able to advocate, resist, shape or roll back some of the policies demanded by external actors.Under certain circumstances, domestic actors were also able to exploit the constraint of conditionality to their own advantage. Capitalising on constraint shows that after a bailout programme, governments could use their discretion to revert the measures that brought the greatest benefits at a lower cost.The authors provide a valuable insight into the determinants of bargaining leverage, the importance of credibility, and the limits of conditionality that might inform the design of international and European lending during future crises. -- .

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  • Against the Troika : Crisis and Austerity in the Eurozone
    Against the Troika : Crisis and Austerity in the Eurozone

    On the 25th January 2015 the Greek people voted in an election of historic importance-not just for Greece but potentially all of Europe. The radical party Syriza was elected and austerity and the neoliberal agenda is being challenged.Suddenly it seems as if there is an alternative. But what? The Eurozone is in a deep and prolonged crisis. It is now clear that monetary union is a historic failure, beyond repair-and certainly not in the interests of Europe's working people. Building on the economic analysis of two of Europe's leading thinkers, Heiner Flassbeck and Costas Lapavitsas (a candidate standing for election on Syriza's list), Against the Troika is the first book to propose a strategic left-wing plan for how peripheral countries could exit the euro.With a change in government in Greece, and looming political transformations in countries such as Spain, this major intervention lays out a radical, anti-capitalist programme at a critical juncture for Europe.The final three chapters offer a detailed postmortem of the Greek catastrophe, explain what can be learned from it-and provide a possible alternative. Against the Troika is a practical blueprint for real change in a continent wracked by crisis and austerity.

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  • The Eurozone Crisis and the Transformation of EU Governance : Internal and External Implications
    The Eurozone Crisis and the Transformation of EU Governance : Internal and External Implications

    Research on European governance is central to understanding both the process of European integration and its external influence as a laboratory for multilateralism.This volume focuses on the impact of the recent Eurozone crisis and its far-reaching implications for European governance both inside and outside the EU borders.Ideal for classroom use, this volume covers: I. European modes of governance: concepts, recent trends and international implications with chapters by Lefkofridi & Schmitter, Cini, Borrs and Radaelli.II. The transformation of European economic governance with contributions by Fabbrini, Stoffaës, Collignon, Eising, Rasch and Rozbicka.III. The transformation of European social policy governance with Goetschy, Hemerijck, de la Porte and Heins.IV. The international implications of the transformation of EU governance highlighted by Rodrigues, Xiarchogiannopoulou and Mügge.

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  • Pioneering Progress : American Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy
    Pioneering Progress : American Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy


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  • What are the interest rates in the USA compared to the Eurozone? Does the ECB consider the inflation rate in the Eurozone to be too high?

    As of now, interest rates in the USA are generally higher than in the Eurozone. The Federal Reserve in the USA has raised interest rates multiple times in recent years, while the European Central Bank (ECB) has kept rates low to stimulate the Eurozone economy. The ECB has expressed concerns about inflation in the Eurozone being too low rather than too high, as they have a target inflation rate of close to but below 2%.

  • How high are the interest rates in the USA compared to the Eurozone? Does the ECB consider the inflation rate in the Eurozone to be too high?

    Interest rates in the USA are generally higher than in the Eurozone. The Federal Reserve sets the interest rates in the USA, while the European Central Bank (ECB) sets the rates in the Eurozone. The ECB aims to keep inflation in the Eurozone below, but close to, 2%. Currently, the ECB does not consider the inflation rate in the Eurozone to be too high, as it has been below the target of 2% in recent years.

  • What would happen if everyone in the Eurozone suddenly received 1 million euros?

    If everyone in the Eurozone suddenly received 1 million euros, it would lead to a massive increase in the money supply, causing inflation to skyrocket. This would devalue the currency and lead to a decrease in purchasing power. Additionally, it could also lead to a speculative bubble in asset prices, as people rush to spend or invest their newfound wealth. The sudden influx of money could also disrupt the balance of the economy and financial markets, leading to potential economic instability.

  • Does market research hinder innovation in business administration?

    Market research does not necessarily hinder innovation in business administration. In fact, it can provide valuable insights into consumer needs and preferences, helping businesses to develop innovative products and services that meet market demands. By understanding market trends and customer behavior, businesses can identify opportunities for innovation and stay ahead of competitors. However, relying too heavily on market research without allowing room for creativity and risk-taking can limit the potential for groundbreaking innovations. It is important for businesses to strike a balance between leveraging market research and fostering a culture of innovation to drive success in business administration.

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  • Handbook of Research on Science Teacher Education
    Handbook of Research on Science Teacher Education

    This groundbreaking handbook offers a contemporary and thorough review of research relating directly to the preparation, induction, and career long professional learning of K–12 science teachers. Through critical and concise chapters, this volume provides essential insights into science teacher education that range from their learning as individuals to the programs that cultivate their knowledge and practices.Each chapter is a current review of research that depicts the area, and then points to empirically based conclusions or suggestions for science teacher educators or educational researchers.Issues associated with equity are embedded within each chapter.Drawing on the work of over one hundred contributors from across the globe, this handbook has 35 chapters that cover established, emergent, diverse, and pioneering areas of research, including: Research methods and methodologies in science teacher education, including discussions of the purpose of science teacher education research and equitable perspectives; Formal and informal teacher education programs that span from early childhood educators to the complexity of preparation, to the role of informal settings such as museums; Continuous professional learning of science teachers that supports building cultural responsiveness and teacher leadership; Core topics in science teacher education that focus on teacher knowledge, educative curricula, and working with all students; and Emerging areas in science teacher education such as STEM education, global education, and identity development. This comprehensive, in-depth text will be central to the work of science teacher educators, researchers in the field of science education, and all those who work closely with science teachers.

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  • Handbook of Research on Science Teacher Education
    Handbook of Research on Science Teacher Education

    This groundbreaking handbook offers a contemporary and thorough review of research relating directly to the preparation, induction, and career long professional learning of K–12 science teachers. Through critical and concise chapters, this volume provides essential insights into science teacher education that range from their learning as individuals to the programs that cultivate their knowledge and practices.Each chapter is a current review of research that depicts the area, and then points to empirically based conclusions or suggestions for science teacher educators or educational researchers.Issues associated with equity are embedded within each chapter.Drawing on the work of over one hundred contributors from across the globe, this handbook has 35 chapters that cover established, emergent, diverse, and pioneering areas of research, including: Research methods and methodologies in science teacher education, including discussions of the purpose of science teacher education research and equitable perspectives; Formal and informal teacher education programs that span from early childhood educators to the complexity of preparation, to the role of informal settings such as museums; Continuous professional learning of science teachers that supports building cultural responsiveness and teacher leadership; Core topics in science teacher education that focus on teacher knowledge, educative curricula, and working with all students; and Emerging areas in science teacher education such as STEM education, global education, and identity development. This comprehensive, in-depth text will be central to the work of science teacher educators, researchers in the field of science education, and all those who work closely with science teachers.

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  • Handbook of Research on Science Education : Volume III
    Handbook of Research on Science Education : Volume III

    Volume III of this landmark synthesis of research offers a comprehensive, state-of-the-art survey highlighting new and emerging research perspectives in science education. Building on the foundations set in Volumes I and II, Volume III provides a globally minded, up-to-the-minute survey of the science education research community and represents the diversity of the field.Each chapter has been updated with new research and new content, and Volume III has been further developed to include new and expanded coverage on astronomy and space education, epistemic practices related to socioscientific issues,design-based research, interdisciplinary and STEM education, inclusive science education, and the global impact of nature of science and scientific inquiry literacy. As with the previous volumes, Volume III is organized around six themes: theory and methods of science education research; science learning; diversity and equity; science teaching; curriculum and assessment; and science teacher education.Each chapter presents an integrative review of the research on the topic it addresses, pulling together the existing research, working to understand historical trends and patterns in that body of scholarship, describing how the issue is conceptualized within the literature, how methods and theories have shaped the outcomes of the research, and where the strengths, weaknesses, and gaps are in the literature. Providing guidance to science education faculty, scholars, and graduate students, and pointing towards future directions of the field, Handbook of Research on Science Education Research, Volume III offers an essential resource to all members of the science education community.

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  • Gender Differences in Technology and Innovation Management : Insights from Experimental Research
    Gender Differences in Technology and Innovation Management : Insights from Experimental Research

    Even though the number of working women has steadily increased over the last few years, women are still significantly under-represented in STEM activities (i.e. mathematics, informatics, science and technology). In order to eliminate this under-representation, numerous education policies and corporate initiatives, particularly in the recent past, have been aimed at increasing women's enthusiasm for STEM activities and professions.According to the latest surveys, however, it is clear that these efforts have not yet led to the desired success.Compared to their male counterparts, women continue to do fewer STEM activities. One possible reason for this is that relatively little is yet known about the concrete impact of the above education policies on working with innovation and technology: What are the gender differences between women and men?Is it enough to recognize these differences, or should these differences ideally not only be recognized, but also treated appropriately or even encouraged? This anthology deals with current topics in technology and innovation management against the background of these and other gender-relevant aspects.Empirical analyses and experiments in collaboration with companies from various sectors provide a sound scientific basis on which new results and findings are presented: How do women and men deal with creativity and competition?How are technologies applied and how can differences in access to technology be deduced? Answers to these and other questions help decision-makers in politics and business to proactively use the differences between women and men to motivate women to work in the STEM field and to strengthen them by acknowledging existing differences.

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  • Why do commercial banks in the Eurozone have to pay interest when they deposit funds with the ECB?

    Commercial banks in the Eurozone have to pay interest when they deposit funds with the European Central Bank (ECB) because of the negative interest rate policy implemented by the ECB. This policy aims to encourage banks to lend money to businesses and consumers rather than hold excess reserves with the central bank. By charging interest on deposits, the ECB incentivizes banks to use their funds for lending and investment, thereby stimulating economic activity and growth in the Eurozone.

  • Which Arab country is the most advanced in terms of education, technology, and science?

    It is difficult to determine which Arab country is the most advanced in terms of education, technology, and science as different countries excel in different areas. However, countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia have made significant investments in these sectors and have seen rapid advancements in recent years. The UAE, for example, has established itself as a hub for innovation and technology with initiatives like Dubai's Smart City project and the establishment of world-class universities. Qatar has also made strides in education and research with institutions like Qatar Foundation and Education City.

  • Could science fiction technology become real?

    Yes, science fiction technology could become real in the future. Many of the technological advancements that were once considered science fiction, such as video calling, self-driving cars, and virtual reality, have already become a reality. With continued advancements in science and technology, it is possible that other futuristic technologies, such as teleportation or advanced artificial intelligence, could also become a reality in the future. While some science fiction technologies may still be far-fetched, it is important to remember that many of today's realities were once considered impossible in the past.

  • What research topic could one choose for a paper on gender in science education?

    One possible research topic for a paper on gender in science education could be the impact of gender stereotypes on student participation and achievement in science classrooms. This could involve examining how stereotypes about girls' and boys' abilities in science affect their confidence, engagement, and performance in the subject. Another potential topic could be the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields and the factors that contribute to this disparity, such as societal expectations, lack of female role models, and biases in the education system. Additionally, a research paper could explore the effectiveness of interventions and strategies aimed at promoting gender equity in science education, such as inclusive teaching practices and mentorship programs for female students.

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