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Abductive Reasoning in Science
In abductive reasoning, scientific theories are evaluated on the basis of how well they would explain the available evidence.There are a number of subtly different accounts of this type of reasoning, most of which are inspired by the popular slogan 'Inference to the Best Explanation.' However, these accounts disagree about exactly how to spell out the slogan so as to avoid various problems for abductive reasoning.This Element aims, firstly, to give an opinionated overview both of the many accounts of abductive reasoning that have been proposed and the problems that have motivated them; and, secondly, to critically evaluate these accounts in a way that points toward a systematic view of the nature and purpose of abductive reasoning in science.This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
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Understanding Reasoning: Verbal Reasoning
The Understanding Reasoning series helps pupils to understand and answer correctly reasoning questions, as found in the 11+, 12+, 13+ and other school selection tests.The books provide concise explanations and examples of all the question types occurring in the 11+ together with practical workbook-style activities to consolidate learning.The step-by-step explanations are clear and include 'how to' instructions.Intensive practice enables pupils to gain confidence as they tackle each new question type.Correct answers are provided at the back of each book for quick and easy marking.Verbal reasoning activities use letters and words to explore pupils' understanding of language and meaning.Using methods that are quite distinct from traditional literacy activities, pupils' verbal skills are stretched to the full.Question types covered include the following: alphabet and word patterns, vocabulary, spelling, mathematical questions and problem solving.
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Understanding Reasoning: Non-verbal Reasoning
The Understanding Reasoning series helps pupils to understand and answer correctly reasoning questions, as found in the 11+, 12+, 13+ and other school selection tests.The books provide concise explanations and examples of all the question types occurring in the 11+ together with practical workbook-style activities to consolidate learning.The step-by-step explanations are clear and include 'how to' instructions.Intensive practice enables pupils to gain confidence as they tackle each new question type.Correct answers are provided at the back of each book for quick and easy marking.Non-verbal reasoning activities may be used with all pupils, including those whose literacy skills are poor and those for whom English is a second language.Question types covered include the following: identifying shapes and patterns, missing shapes and patterns, rotating shapes/patterns, codes, logic and combined shapes.
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Reasoning, Judging, Deciding : The Science of Thinking
Are humans effective thinkers? How do we decide what is right? Can we avoid being duped by fake news?Thinking and Reasoning is the study of how humans think; exploring rationality, decision making and judgment within all contexts of life.With contemporary case studies and reflective questions to develop your understanding of key dilemmas, this book covers the fundamentals of the science behind thinking, reasoning, and decision-making, making it essential reading for any student of Thinking and Reasoning. From heuristic biases to the cognitive science of religion, and from artificial intelligence to conspiracy theories, Wastell & Howarth's text clearly and comprehensibly introduces you to the core theories of thinking, leaving no stone unturned, before showing you how to apply theory to practice. 'The unique selling point of the book is the inclusion of current topics and recent developments, a very good structure and it approaches the field from a very wide angle.'
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Statistical Foundations, Reasoning and Inference : For Science and Data Science
This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to statistical principles, concepts and methods that are essential in modern statistics and data science.The topics covered include likelihood-based inference, Bayesian statistics, regression, statistical tests and the quantification of uncertainty.Moreover, the book addresses statistical ideas that are useful in modern data analytics, including bootstrapping, modeling of multivariate distributions, missing data analysis, causality as well as principles of experimental design.The textbook includes sufficient material for a two-semester course and is intended for master’s students in data science, statistics and computer science with a rudimentary grasp of probability theory.It will also be useful for data science practitioners who want to strengthen their statistics skills.
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Legal Reasoning
The common law, which is made by courts, consists of rules that govern relations between individuals, such as torts (the law of private wrongs) and contracts.Legal Reasoning explains and analyzes the modes of reasoning utilized by the courts in making and applying common law rules.These modes include reasoning from binding precedents (prior cases that are binding on the deciding court); reasoning from authoritative although not binding sources, such as leading treatises; reasoning from analogy; reasoning from propositions of morality, policy, and experience; making exceptions; drawing distinctions; and overruling.The book further examines and explains the roles of logic, deduction, and good judgment in legal reasoning.With accessible prose and full descriptions of illustrative cases, this book is a valuable resource for anyone who wishes to get a hands-on grasp of legal reasoning.
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Human Reasoning
This Element is on new developments in the psychology of reasoning that raise or address philosophical questions.In traditional studies in the psychology of reasoning, the focus was on inference from arbitrary assumptions and not at all from beliefs, and classical binary logic was presupposed as the only standard for human reasoning.But recently a new Bayesian paradigm has emerged in the discipline.This views ordinary human reasoning as mostly inferring probabilistic conclusions from degrees of beliefs, or from hypothetical premises relevant to a purpose at hand, and as often about revising or updating degrees of belief.This Element also covers new formulations of dual-process theories of the mind, stating that there are two types of mental processing, one rapid and intuitive and shared with other animals, and the other slow and reflective and more characteristic of human beings.The final topic covered is the new developments and rationality.
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Logic in Computer Science : Modelling and Reasoning about Systems
Recent years have seen the development of powerful tools for verifying hardware and software systems, as companies worldwide realise the need for improved means of validating their products.There is increasing demand for training in basic methods in formal reasoning so that students can gain proficiency in logic-based verification methods.The second edition of this successful textbook addresses both those requirements, by continuing to provide a clear introduction to formal reasoning which is both relevant to the needs of modern computer science and rigorous enough for practical application.Improvements to the first edition have been made throughout, with extra and expanded sections on SAT solvers, existential/universal second-order logic, micro-models, programming by contract and total correctness.The coverage of model-checking has been substantially updated.Further exercises have been added. Internet support for the book includes worked solutions for all exercises for teachers, and model solutions to some exercises for students.
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